References

Law, J. & Urry, J. (2004) “Enacting the social”. Economy and Society, 33(3), 390–410.

Liebowitz, D.J. & Zwingel, S. (2014) “Gender Equality Oversimplified: Using CEDAW to Counter the Measurement Obsession”. International Studies Review, 16, 362–389.

McKinnon, K., Carnegie, M., Gibson, K. & Rowland, C. (2016) “Gender equality and economic empowerment in the Solomon Islands and Fiji: A place-based approach”. Gender, Place & Culture, 23(10), 1376–1391.

AppendICES

Swipe Safe Alignments

Table 2 shows relevant alignments between indicators, concepts, factors, questions, and issues. Concepts and Issues are areas that Swipe Safe training focusses on. Indicators, Factors, and Questions are elements of the child-centred indicator framework. Concepts and Issues are colour coded to facilitate identification. For example:

• Indicator CI-OS-SE.01.sb (Children say the behaviour they see from other people online is not harmful to them or others) aligns with the Swipe Safe Concept “Connection”
• The plain language question example “Is most of the behaviour children encounter online safe for them/other children?” aligns with Factor “Encounters: behaviour” and Swipe Safe Issue “Experiences”.

Table 2: Indicator, Question, Factor, and Swipe Safe Concept & Issue Alignment

Ref | Indicator | Concept | Factor | Plain Language Question | Issue CI-OS-SE.01.sb | Children say the behaviour they see from other people online is not harmful to them or others | Connection | Encounters: behaviour | Is most of the behaviour children encounter online safe for them/other children? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often do children see people hurting/harming others online? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often do children see behaviour online that hurts/harms others? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often do children encounter people online that try to hurt/harm them/other children? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often do children experience online behaviour that hurts/harms them/other children? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about online behaviour hurting/harming them/other children? | Experiences CI-OS-SE.02.sb | Children say the content they come across online is appropriate for their age | Connection | Conduct: content | How often do children see online content that is inappropriate for their age? | Experiences Encounters: content | Is most of the content children see online appropriate for their age? | Experiences Encounters: content | How much inappropriate online content do children see? | Experiences Encounters: content | How often do children come across inappropriate online content? | Experiences Encounters: content | How worried are children about coming across inappropriate content online? | Experiences CI-OS-SE.03.sb | Children say the content they come across online is not abusive, violent, or pornographic | Connection | Conduct: content | When they are online, how careful are children about making sure they don’t come across abusive/pornographic content? | Responsibility Encounters: content | How much pornographic/abusive/violent content do children see online? | Experiences Encounters: content | How often do children come across pornographic/abusive/violent content online? | Experiences Encounters: content | Is most of the content children see online safe for them/other children? | Experiences Perceptions: content | How worried are children about pornographic/abusive/violent content online? | Experiences CI-OS-SE.04.sb | Children say they don’t encounter online bullying, hackers, stalkers, or predators | Connection | Encounters: behaviour | Are most of the encounters children have online safe? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How much are children getting bullied/hacked/stalked/exploited online? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often have people online tried to bully/hack/stalk/exploit them/other children online? | Experiences Encounters: behaviour | How often have children experienced online bullying/hacking/stalking/exploitation? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How often do children think people they met online have tried to bully/hack/stalk/exploit them/other children online? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about being bullied/hacked/stalked/abused online? | Experiences CI-OS-SE.05.sb | Children say they feel safe from online bullying, hackers, stalkers, or predators | Connection | Encounters: behaviour | How safe are children from online bullies/hackers/stalkers/predators? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | Do children mostly feel safe online? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | Do children feel safe from online bullies/hackers/stalkers/predators? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How do children feel about online bullies/hackers/stalkers/predators? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about online bullies/hackers/stalkers/predators? | Experiences CI-OS-SE.06.sb | Children say the games and entertainment they access online are not harmful to them or others | Connection | Encounters: content | Are the online entertainment and games children watch and play harmful for them/other children? | Experiences Perceptions: content | How worried are children about coming across inappropriate entertainment or games online? | Experiences Conduct: content | How careful are children about making sure the entertainment/games they access online are safe and appropriate for their age? | Responsibility Conduct: content | Do children watch online entertainment or play online games that are appropriate for their age? | Responsibility Perceptions: content | What do children say is good about online entertainment and games? Perceptions: content | What do children like about online entertainment and games? CI-OS-SE.07.sb | Parents and carers say it is easy for them to identify online content inappropriate for children | Connection | Encounters: content | Do parents/carers say most online content is safe for children? | Experiences Knowledge: content | Can parents/carers easily identify what is and isn’t safe/appropriate online for their children? Knowledge: content | Do parents/carers know what's appropriate and not appropriate online for their children? Perceptions: content | How worried are parents/carers about being able to identify what's safe/appropriate for their children online? CI-OS-SB.01.sb | Children say the things they do online are not harmful to them or others | Respect | Conduct: behaviour | Are the things children do online mostly safe and appropriate for them/other people? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about doing something online that might harm them/other people? | Experiences Conduct: behaviour | When they are online, how careful are children about making sure the things they do won't harm them/other people? | Responsibility Conduct: content | How often do children look at or follow social media (like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram) that can harm them/other people? | Responsibility Conduct: content | How often do children look at or follow online platforms (like YouTube, TikTok) that can harm them/other people? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How often do children copy harmful things online that other people are doing? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How often do children do things online that might be harmful for them/other people? | Responsibility CI-OS-SB.02.sb | Children say they behave responsibly online | Respect | Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about doing something irresponsible online? | Experiences Conduct: behaviour | Do children behave responsibly when they are online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | When they are online, how careful are children about making sure they are being responsible? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | Are children being responsible online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How responsible are children being online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How often do children do irresponsible things online? | Responsibility CI-OS-SB.03.sb | Children say they are careful about who they make friends and share information with online | Connection | Encounters: behaviour | Are children's online interactions and friends safe? | Experiences Perceptions: behaviour | Do children think carefully before sharing or posting online? | Oversharing Perceptions: behaviour | How carefully do children think about being safe before they make friends with people online? | Who Conduct: behaviour | How careful are children about who they make friends and share information with online? | Who Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about making friends and sharing information online? | Who CI-OS-PS.01.sb | Children say they have enough knowledge and skills to do what they want to do online safely and securely | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know enough to do what they want to do online safely? Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to use online technology to do what they want to do safely and securely? Training: content | What do children say they need to know to help them stay safe online? Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about the level of their online safety knowledge and skills? CI-OS-PS.02.sb | Children say they know the difference between right and wrong online | Respect | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know the difference between right and wrong online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | When they are online, how careful are children about making sure they do the right thing? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | Are children doing the right things online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How often do children do the wrong thing online? | Responsibility Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about knowing/doing right and wrong online? | Responsibility CI-OS-PS.03.sb | Children say they know what people and information to trust online | Sources | Knowledge: content | Do children know what information to trust online? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | When they are online, how careful are children about making sure information/people are trustworthy? | Responsibility Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know who to trust online? | Who Conduct: behaviour | Who/what do children trust online? | Who Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about knowing what/who to trust online? | Who CI-OS-PS.04.sb | Children say they know what information they can safely share online | Public | Perceptions: behaviour | Do children think about staying safe when they share information online? | Oversharing Perceptions: behaviour | How carefully do children think before sharing information online? | Oversharing Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about sharing information online safely? | Oversharing Conduct: behaviour | How careful are children about who they share information with online? | Who CI-OS-PS.05.sb | Children say they know how to search for information online that is useful and truthful | Sources | Knowledge: content | Do children know how to search for information online that is useful and true? | Responsibility Conduct: behaviour | How careful are children about making sure the information they search for online is useful and true? | Responsibility Perceptions: content | How worried are children about making sure the information they find online is useful and true? | Responsibility CI-OS-PS.06.sb | Children say they know how to keep their information private online | Public | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to keep information private online? | Oversharing Conduct: behaviour | How careful are children about keeping information private online? | Oversharing Perceptions: behaviour | Do children think about information about privacy? | Oversharing Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about information privacy online? | Oversharing CI-OS-PS.07.sb | Children say they know how to block people and content they don’t want to see online | Connection | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to block people and content online they don’t want to see? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | Are children blocking people and content online they don't want to see? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | What stops children from blocking people and content online? | Managing CI-OS-PS.08.sb | Children say they know how to deal with risky, harmful or inappropriate people online | Connection | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to deal with risky/harmful/inappropriate people online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | How are children dealing with risky/harmful/inappropriate people online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | What stops children from dealing with risky/harmful/inappropriate people online? | Managing Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about their ability to deal with risky/harmful/inappropriate people online? | Managing CI-OS-PS.09.sb | Children say they know how to deal with risky, harmful, or inappropriate content online | Connection | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to deal with risky/harmful/inappropriate content online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | How are children dealing with risky/harmful/inappropriate content online? | Managing Perceptions: behaviour | What stops children from dealing with risky/harmful/inappropriate content online? | Managing Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are children about their ability to deal with risky/harmful/inappropriate content online? | Managing CI-OS-PS.10.sb | Children say they know how to report inappropriate, upsetting, harmful, or illegal online content | Connection | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to report online content that is inappropriate/upsetting/harmful/illegal? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | Are children reporting inappropriate/upsetting/harmful/illegal online content if they see it? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | What stops children from reporting inappropriate/upsetting/harmful/illegal online content if they see it? | Managing CI-OS-PS.11.sb | Children say they know how to report online bullying, stalkers, or predators | Connection | Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know how to report online bullying /stalkers/predators? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | Are children reporting online bullying /stalkers/predators if they see it? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | What stops children from reporting online bullying /stalkers/predators? | Managing CI-OS-PS.12.sb | Parents and carers say they know enough to help their children stay safe and secure online | Conduct: behaviour | What gets in the way of parents/carers knowing how to keep their children safe online? Knowledge: behaviour | Do parents/carers know enough to keep their children safe online? Knowledge: content | Do parents/carers know what is and isn’t safe online for their children? Perceptions: behaviour | Do parents/carers think it’s important they know how to keep their children safe online? Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are parents/carers about knowing enough to keep their children safe online? Training: availability | Where did parents/carers learn how to keep their children safe online? Training: content | What do parents/carers need to know to help keep their children safe online? CI-OS-PS.13.sb | Parents and carers say they know enough to keep themselves safe and secure online | Conduct: behaviour | What gets in the way of parents/carers knowing how to keep themselves safe online? Knowledge: behaviour | Do parents/carers know enough to keep themselves safe online? Knowledge: content | Do parents/carers know what is and isn’t safe online? Perceptions: behaviour | Do parents/carers think it’s important they know how to keep themselves safe online? Perceptions: behaviour | How worried are parents/carers about keeping themselves safe online? Training: availability | Where did parents/carers learn how to keep themselves safe online? Training: content | What do parents/carers need to know to help keep themselves safe online? CI-OS-EG.01.sb | Children say they get enough practical and useful training and information about how to be safe online | Training: availability | Where can children get training so they can keep themselves safe online? Training: availability | What stops children from getting training about online safety? Training: content | Are children getting enough information and training to keep themselves safe online? Training: content | How well do schools teach children useful information about how to be safe online? Training: content | What training do children want so they can keep themselves safe online? CI-OS-EG.02.sb | Children say they get enough practical and useful advice about online safety from their parents, carers, or family members | Connection | Conduct: behaviour | Do children ask family members about staying safe online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | How often do families talk to their children about online safety? Conduct: behaviour | What stops families talking to children about online safety? Knowledge: behaviour | How helpful is the advice families give children about going online? Knowledge: behaviour | How much do families know about keeping children safe online? Perceptions: behaviour | Do children want to be able to ask family members about online safety? CI-OS-EG.03.sb | Children say parents and carers have clear and fair rules about what they can and can’t do online | Conduct: behaviour | Do parents/carers have rules about what children can and can’t do online? Conduct: behaviour | How do parents/carers decide on the rules about what children can and can’t do online? Conduct: behaviour | What stops parents/carers making rules about what children can and can't do online? Knowledge: behaviour | How clear and fair are family rules about what children can and can’t do online? Perceptions: behaviour | Do children want parents/carers to make rules about their online use? CI-OS-EG.04.sb | Children say they have people to turn to who can help them if things go wrong online | Connection | Conduct: behaviour | Who do children go to for help if something goes wrong online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | Do children talk to adults or other children if something goes wrong online? | Managing Conduct: behaviour | What stops children talking to people if something goes wrong online? | Managing Knowledge: behaviour | Do children know people who can help them if things go wrong online? | Managing CI-OS-EG.05.sb | Parents and carers say they get enough support to help them keep their children safe online | Conduct: behaviour | What stops parents/carers from getting training about online safety? Training: availability | Are parents/carers getting enough information and training to help keep their children safe online? Training: availability | Where can parents/carers get training so they can help keep their children safe online? Training: availability | Do parents get enough support to help them keep their children safe online? Training: content | What training do parents/carers want so they can help keep their children safe online? CI-OS-EG.06.sb | Parents and carers say they talk to their children about being safe online | Conduct: behaviour | Do parents/carers talk to their children about online safety? Conduct: behaviour | How often do parents/carers talk to their children about online safety? Conduct: behaviour | What stops parents/carers talking to children about online safety? Knowledge: behaviour | Do parents/carers think they know enough to talk to their children about online safety? Knowledge: behaviour | How much do parents/carers know about keeping children safe online? CI-OS-EG.07.sb | People say training about online safety is available, affordable, and easy to understand | Conduct: behaviour | What stops children and adults from getting training about online safety? Training: availability | Is online safety training available, affordable and easy to understand? Training: availability | Are children and adults getting enough information and training to keep themselves and their children safe online? Training: availability | Where can children and adults get training so they can keep themselves and their children safe online? Training: content | What training do children and adults want so they can keep themselves and their children safe online? CI-OS-HW.01.sb | Children say they don’t spend too much time online | Connection | Conduct: behaviour | Do children think they are spending too much time online? | Time Conduct: behaviour | Do children think they are spending an unhealthy amount of time online? | Time Conduct: behaviour | How much time are children spending online? | Time Conduct: behaviour | When are children going online (at what times of the day and how often)? | Time Perceptions: behaviour | Are children worried about spending too much time online? | Time CI-OS-HW.02.sb | Parents and carers say their children don't spend too much time online | Connection | Conduct: behaviour | Do parents/carers think their children are spending too much time online? | Time Conduct: behaviour | Do parents/carers know how much time their children spend online? | Time Conduct: behaviour | When are their children going online (at what times of the day and how often)? | Time Perceptions: behaviour | Do parents/carers think their children are spending an unhealthy amount of time online? | Time Perceptions: behaviour | Are parents/carers worried about their children spending too much time online? | Time CI-OS-IS.01.sb | People say the devices and services they need to go online are available, affordable, and reliable | Technical: availability | How available, affordable, and reliable are devices like phones or computers and services like connections and data costs? Technical: availability | Are devices like phones or computers affordable for most people? Technical: availability | Are internet data costs affordable for most people? Technical: availability | Are internet connections fast enough for most people to do what they want to online? Technical: availability | Are devices and services available, affordable, and reliable to everyone, including in urban and rural areas? CI-OS-IS.02.sb | People say the infrastructure they need to go online is available, affordable, and reliable | Technical: availability | How available, affordable, and reliable is the infrastructure that people need to go online (like cables, lines, and electricity supply)? Technical: availability | Is access to infrastructure affordable for most people? Technical: availability | Are the cables and lines needed for internet access available in most places, including in urban and rural areas? Technical: availability | Is electricity reliable and affordable in most places, including in urban and rural areas? CI-OS-IS.03.sb | People say technology companies design platforms and services with children's best interests in mind | Technical: content | Do technology companies design and offer platforms and services that are as safe as possible for children? Technical: content | Do technology companies do enough to keep children safe online? Technical: content | What should technology companies do to keep children safe online? Technical: content | What stops technology companies doing everything they can to keep children safe online? Technical: content | What can help technology companies to keep children safe online?

Factor Definitions

Conduct: behaviour – things people do in relation to others’ behaviour | Conduct: content – things people do in relation to content Encounters: behaviour – behaviour people encounter | Encounters: content – content people encounter Knowledge: behaviour – what people know about others’ behaviour | Knowledge: content – what people know about content Perceptions: behaviour – what people feel/think about others’ behaviour | Perceptions: content – what people feel/think about content Technical: availability – technical/infrastructure people can access | Technical: content – technical/infrastructure people experience Training: availability – training/guidance people can access | Training: content – training/guidance people experience